The Lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita

The Lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita Here are the verses for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita in Japanese, with a romaji interpretation. You can likewise hear the melody, Christmas Eve on Youtube. There is an English form; however the verses are not a strict interpretation of the Japanese adaptation. ã‚ ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€" é› ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤Å"æ›'㠁'é Å¾Ã£ Å¾Ã£  « é› ªÃ£  ¸Ã£  ¨Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ã‚ Ã£ â€  Quiet night, Holy night 㠁 Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã¥ â€ºÃ£  ¯Ã¦  ¥Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ¡Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ¡Ã£  ®Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€" Quiet night, Holy night Ã¥ ¿Æ'æ · ±Ã£   ç §ËœÃ£â€š Ã£ Ã¿Ã¦Æ' ³Ã£ â€ž Ã¥  ¶Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€ž Ã¥ ¿â€¦ 㠁šä »Å¡Ã¥ ¤Å"㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€° è ¨â‚¬Ã£ Ë†Ã£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ¦ °â€"㠁Å"㠁â€"㠁ÿ Quiet night, Holy night 㠁 ¾Ã£  æ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹ Ã¥ â€ºÃ£  ¸Ã£  ®Ã¦Æ' ³Ã£ â€ž Ã¥ ¤Å"㠁 ¸Ã£  ¨Ã©â„¢ Ã£â€šÅ¡Ã§ ¶Å¡Ã£   è ¡â€"è §'㠁 «Ã£  ¯Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'„ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼ 隀è‰ ²Ã£  ®Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€š Ã£   Quiet night, Holy night Romaji Translation Ame wa yofukesugi ni yuki e to kawaru darou Quiet night, Holy night Kitto kimi wa konai hitorikiri no kurisumasu-ibu Quiet night, Holy night Kokoro fukaku himeta omoi kanaeraresoumo nai Kanarazu konya nara iesouna ki ga shita Quiet night, Holy night Mada kienokoru kimi e no omoi yoru e to furitsuzuku Machikado niwa kurisumasu-tsurii giniro no kirameki Quiet night, Holy night Jargon é› ¨ (ame): downpour Ã¥ ¤Å"æ›'㠁' (yofuke): late around evening time é› ª (yuki): day off Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kawaru): to change Ã¥ â€º (kimi): you 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ¡Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ¡ (hitorikiri): without anyone else ç §ËœÃ£â€š Ã£ Ã¿ (himeta): covered up, mystery 㠁‹ã  ªÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kanaeru): to allow, to answer a supplication Ã¥ ¿â€¦ 㠁š (kanarazu): absolutely ä »Å¡Ã¥ ¤Å" (konya): today æ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kienokoru): stay unmelted è ¡â€"è §' (machikado): a traffic intersection 隀è‰ ² (giniro): silver(color) 㠁 Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€š Ã£   (kirameki): shining, gleaming

black lung disease :: essays research papers

Dark Lung Disease      Every year, right around 1,500 individuals who have worked in the nation’s coalmines bite the dust from dark lung malady. That’s comparable to the Titanic sinking each year, without any boats acting the hero. While that debacle which took spot such a long time back keeps on entrancing the country, dark lung casualties bite the dust a horrifying passing in detached provincial networks, away from the spotlight of publicity.â â â â â Dark lung is the legitimate term for a man-made, word related lung illness that is shrunk by delayed breathing of coalmine dust. Some call it miner’s asthma, silicosis, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, coal laborers' pneumoconiosis, or dark lung. Nonetheless, they are all residue ailments with similar manifestations.      Only the littlest particles of the coal dust make it past the nose, mouth, and throat into the alveoli discovered somewhere down in the lungs. The alveoli, or air sacs, are liable for trading gases with the blood, and are situated toward the finish of every bronchiole. Microphages, a sort of platelet, accumulate outside particles and convey them to where they can either be gulped or hacked out. In the event that an excessive amount of residue is breathed in over an extensive stretch of time, some residue loaded microphages and particles gather for all time in the lungs causing dark lung sickness.      The primary side effect of the illness is brevity of breath, which deteriorates as the sickness advances. In extreme cases, the patient may create cor pulmonale, which is a growth and strain on the correct side of the heart brought about by interminable lung infection. In the end, this may cause right-sided cardiovascular breakdown. A few patients create emphysema as a complexity of dark lung ailment. Others build up an extreme kind of dark lung illness in which harm proceeds to the upper piece of the lungs significantly after introduction to the residue has finished called dynamic enormous fibrosis.      Black lung malady can be analyzed by checking a patient’s history for introduction to the coal dust, trailed by a chest x-beam to check whether the trademark spots on the lungs are available. An aspiratory work test may help in the determination. Nonetheless, all coalminer’s ought to have chest x-beams like clockwork so the sickness can be identified early.      Congress put exacting cutoff points on airborne residue and requested administrators to take intermittent air tests inside coalmines in 1969.

Applied Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied Linguistics Essay Stylistics is the examination and understanding of writings from an etymological point of view. As an order it joins artistic analysis and etymology, yet has no self-sufficient area of its own. [1][2] The favored object of complex examinations is writing, yet not only high writing but rather additionally different types of composed messages, for example, content from the areas of promoting, mainstream society, governmental issues or religion. [3] Stylistics likewise endeavors to set up standards equipped for clarifying the specific decisions made by people and social gatherings in their utilization of language, for example, socialization, the creation and gathering of importance, basic talk examination and abstract analysis. Different highlights of stylistics incorporate the utilization of exchange, including local accents and people’s tongues, unmistakable language, the utilization of punctuation, for example, the dynamic voice or inactive voice, the appropriation of sentence lengths, the utilization of specific language registers, and so forth. Likewise, stylistics is an unmistakable term that might be utilized to decide the associations between the structure and impacts inside a specific assortment of language. Along these lines, stylistics sees what is ‘going on’ inside the language; what the semantic affiliations are that the style of language uncovers. Substance * 1 Early twentieth century * 2 Late twentieth century * 3 Literary Stylistics * 3. 1 Poetry * 3. 2 Implicature * 3. 3 Tense * 3. 4 The purpose of verse * 4 See likewise * 5 Notes * 6 References and related perusing * 7 External links| [edit] Early twentieth century. The investigation of artistic style returns to Classical talk, yet present day stylistics has its foundations in Russian Formalism,[4] and the interrelated Prague School, in the mid twentieth century. In 1909 Charles Ballys Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as an unmistakable scholarly control to supplement Saussurean etymology. For Bally, Saussures phonetics without anyone else couldnt completely portray the language of individual articulation. [5] Ballys program fitted well with the points of the Prague School. [6] Building on the thoughts of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School built up the idea of foregrounding, whereby beautiful language stands apart from the foundation of non-scholarly language by methods for deviation (from the standards of ordinary language) or parallelism. [7] According to the Prague School, the foundation language isnt fixed, and the connection among lovely and ordinary language is continually moving. [8] [edit] Late twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been a functioning individual from the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America during the 1940s. He united Russian Formalism and American New Criticism in his Closing Statement at a gathering on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958. [9] Published as Linguistics and Poetics in 1960, Jakobsons address is regularly credited with being the primary reasonable detailing of stylistics, and his contention was that the investigation of wonderful language ought to be a sub-part of semantics. [10] The beautiful capacity was one of six general elements of language he portrayed in the talk. Michael Halliday is a significant figure in the improvement of British stylistics. [11] His 1971 investigation Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the Language of William Goldings The Inheritors is a key exposition. [12] One of Hallidays commitments has been the utilization of the term register to clarify the associations among language and its unique circumstance. [13] For Halliday register is particular from vernacular. Lingo alludes to the routine language of a specific client in a particular land or social setting. Register depicts the decisions settled on by the user,[14] decisions which rely upon three factors: field (what the members are really occupied with doing, for example, talking about a particular subject or topic),[15] tenor (who is partaking in the trade) and mode (the utilization to which the language is being put). Fowler remarks that various fields produce distinctive language, most clearly at the degree of jargon (Fowler. 1996, 192) The language specialist David Crystal calls attention to that Halliday’s ‘tenor’ remains as a generally equal term for ‘style’, which is an increasingly explicit option utilized by etymologists to keep away from uncertainty. (Gem. 1985, 292) Halliday’s third class, mode, is the thing that he alludes to as the representative association of the circumstance. Downes perceives two particular perspectives inside the classification of mode and proposes that in addition to the fact that it describes the connection to the medium: composed, spoken, etc, yet in addition depicts the class of the content. (Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday alludes to class as pre-coded language, language that has not just been utilized previously, yet that predetermines the determination of printed implications. The etymologist William Downes points out that the vital quality of register, regardless of how curious or different, is that it is clear and quickly conspicuous. (Downes. 1998, 309) [edit] Literary Stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal sees that, by and by, most expressive examination has endeavored to manage the complex and ‘valued’ language inside writing, I. e. ‘literary stylistics’. He proceeds to state that in such assessment the extension is here and there limited to focus on the additionally striking highlights of artistic language, for example, its ‘deviant’ and strange highlights, as opposed to the more extensive structures that are found in entire messages or talks. For instance, the minimized language of verse is bound to uncover the privileged insights of its development to the stylistician than is the language of plays and books. (Precious stone. 1987, 71). [edit] Poetry As well as ordinary styles of language there are the offbeat †the most clear of which is verse. In Practical Stylistics, HG Widdowson inspects the customary type of the memorial, as found on tombstones in a burial ground. For instance: His memory is cherished today As in the hour he died. (Ernest C. Draper ‘Ern’. Kicked the bucket 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson points out that such notions are normally not exceptionally intriguing and recommends that they may even be excused as ‘crude verbal carvings’and rough verbal unsettling influence (Widdowson, 3). All things considered, Widdowson perceives that they are an undeniable endeavor to pass on sentiments of human misfortune and save loving memories of a dearest companion or relative. Be that as it may, what might be viewed as graceful in this language isn't such a great amount in the predictable manner yet in where it shows up. The stanza might be given undue respect correctly due to the solemn circumstance where it is put. Widdowson proposes that, not at all like words unchangeable in a cemetery, verse is strange language that vibrates with between literary ramifications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two issues with a complex investigation of verse are noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text: An Examination of Critical Methods. The first is that there might be an over-distraction with one specific component that may well limit the centrality of others that are similarly significant. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any endeavor to consider a to be as essentially an assortment of complex components will in general overlook different ways whereby significance is delivered. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) [edit] Implicature In ‘Poetic Effects’ from Literary Pragmatics, the language specialist Adrian Pilkington examinations the possibility of ‘implicature’, as induced in the past work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. Implicature might be isolated into two classes: ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ implicature, yet between the two boundaries there are an assortment of different other options. The most grounded implicature is what is unequivocally suggested by the speaker or author, while more vulnerable implicatures are the more extensive prospects of implying that the listener or peruser may finish up. Pilkington’s ‘poetic effects’, as he terms the idea, are those that accomplish most importance through a wide cluster of feeble implicatures and not those implications that are basically ‘read in’ by the listener or peruser. However the distinctive moment at which powerless implicatures and the listener or reader’s guess of significance wander remains exceptionally abstract. As Pilkington says: ‘there is no obvious off point between presumptions which the speaker positively underwrites and suppositions determined absolutely on the hearer’s obligation. ’ (Pilkington.1991, 53) Also, the complex characteristics of verse can be viewed as a backup to Pilkington’s idyllic impacts in understanding a sonnets meaning. [edit] Tense Widdowson calls attention to that in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s sonnet ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ (1798), the secret of the Mariner’s unexpected appearance is continued by a particular utilization of tense. (Widdowson. 1992, 40) For example, the Mariner ‘holds’ the wedding-visitor with his ‘skinny hand’ in the current state, yet discharges it in the past tense ( his hands dropt he. ); just to hold him once more, this time with his ‘glittering eye’, in the present. (Widdowson. 1992, 41) [edit] The purpose of verse Widdowson sees that when the substance of verse is summed up it frequently alludes to general and unremarkable perceptions, for example, ‘nature is excellent; love is extraordinary; life is forlorn; time passes’, etc. (Widdowson. 1992, 9) But to state: Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, So do our minutes rush to their end William Shakespeare, ‘60’. Or on the other hand, for sure: Love, all indistinguishable, no season knows nor clime, Nor hours, days months, which are the clothes of time John Donne, ‘The Sun Rising’, Poems (1633). This language gives us another perspe

Prepare Research and Define the Law of Marginal Returns - 275 Words

Prepare Research and Define the Law of Marginal Returns, How it has Applied in Your Course (Coursework Sample) Content: Law of marginal returnsStudents Name:Institution of affiliation:IntroductionAccording to John 2005, the law of diminishing returns states that as an increasing amount of a variable factor is added to a fixed factor, the marginal product of the variable factor may at first rise but must eventually fall. This law applies in the short run since it is only then that one factor of production is fixed while in the long run all the other factors are variables.There are many factors that influence a business' output. One factor is the type of technology that a company adapts its quality and quantity can obscure or enhance the output of a business. Also utilizing more laborers allows a company practice specialization of tasks which is needed in production process CITATION Kal15 \l 1033 (Wells, 2015). This division of tasks helps workers to work more efficiently and this results to rates of production increasing however, when employees are too many again, this leads to overcro wding and this results to an increase in output at a lower rate. This particular pattern of production is what happens with the law of diminishing returns.The education system has successfully being able to convince many that the only key to success is education. According to James 2015, he states that if knowledge is the only capital of this new economy, then research universities are the primary sources of that capital and should be at the center of thriving economies. This would make people believe that the economy is falling short of its fuel which is knowledge if it is not taken seriously in learning institutions. CITATION Joh02 \l 1033 (William, 2002)The point of diminishing returns in this course sets in when more knowledge other than what one really needs to have pertaining their course is given to them. The point where one is able to work effectively outside their formal education, and can yield results then more should not be added to them. All other skills can be obtain. ..

Writing an Annotated Bibliography for a Paper

Mary Sexton s The Grimm Brothers And Anne Sexton - 948 Words

Fairy tales provide a means for children to work through their inner struggles and find solutions. A consistent message from fairy tales that confronts children is that a struggle against difficulties is unavoidable, but if one steadfastly meets unexpected hardships and obstacles, then they will be victorious in the end. Briar Rose is a classic fairy tale about a princess who pricks her finger on a spindle and falls asleep for a hundred years. This curse was put upon her when her father decided to celebrate her birth with a feast, but forgot to invite the twelfth wise woman. The twelfth wise woman enters the feast full of anger and cast a horrible spell on Briar Rose. This story of Briar Rose has evolved over time into two stories by different authors, the Grimm brothers and Anne Sexton. They each have different perspectives on the author’s past and the role of the father making. These differences make the fairy tale propose two different struggles of both social level and a b roken family. Authors’ viewpoints are often shown in their writing from their past experiences which, effects the audience of the story. The Grimm brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm, were born into the country life being very familiar with farming, nature and peasant customs. They grew up without a father making them aware of class injustice and exploitation having some teachers focus only of family social order than a good student. Multiple times in their life, their social standings effected what theyShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Feminism Within Writing1938 Words   |  8 PagesThelma Barraza Professor Olson LIT-230-02 November 24, 2014 Anne Sexton: Importance of Feminism within Writing Anne Sexton was born Anne Gray Harvey on November 9, 1928 in Newton, Massachusetts. Her parents, Ralph Harvey and his wife, Mary Gray Staples Harvey overlooked their youngest child Anne. According to the Great Lives from History, she grew up lonely and excluded from family activities, because she was never able to reach the standards her father wanted. She felt overlooked and unwanted, and

Global Economic Analysis Foreign Exchange

Question: Describe about the Global Economic Analysis Foreign Exchange? Answer: Article: Venezuela Revises Foreign Exchange Rules On last Tuesday, Venezuela has revealed that they are going to establish a new market in relation to foreign exchange, which will run via demand and supply. But experts said that it may not ease the economic crisis. The currency of Bolivar was devaluated which is implied by this change. This currency system may be quite complicated; it also includes three different exchange rates. The new currency market is known as the Marginal Foreign Exchange System. It allow general people and companies to easily purchase and sell dollars, until these access to dollars for companies and general peoples has been strictly rationed. After introducing this new market, the government of Venezuela said that it will help to keep the three tiered currency system in the same manner, which will include a 6.3 fixed rate and this will be used for most of the transactions. It suggests that the concern government dont have required amount of money under its arms for supplying to the new market (Twomey, 2012). The currency control will remain in place. Like the previous one, this currency control system has three rates too. In case of importing critical articles, like food, medicine etc, 70% of the government transaction shall be used. Sicad is a kind of exchange rate in Venezuela, it includes combination of two existing system of dollar purchase and sale into one platform, which begins with @ 12/dollar. For luxury goods there will be another kind of rate of exchange. Earlier to this the currency was trading @ 186 per Dollar. The new currency system gives impact depending upon the volume of the trade and its flexibility. The establishment of a market based currency exchange system may lead to a devaluation of the fixed rates, at least for quite a few times (Norris, Gaskill and Bell, 2010). That will facilitate many foreign companies conducting their business in Venezuela. Foreign companies have investments at around $11 Billions. This system may lead a large accounting write down. Venezue las economy has affected in a large manner by recession, the inflation rate was 68%, highest in the world. This suggests that they do not want to establish well economic phenomena. The government says that the new currency market will help a lot to develop the present economic condition of the nation. Venezuela economy affected most in the world by recession and its inflation rate was also very high. The new plan will change the figures for Venezuelas government. The new plan of the government is to establish an exchange market where from any person can buy or sell foreign currencies specially US Dollars. For foreign organizations working in that country will have some upper hand as they will be able to purchase and sell dollars as per market but it may affect the economic strategies of the nation, as because dollars may be purchased when currency gap will be lesser but it will be sold when currency gap will get higher. It has some possibilities to cause damage to the economic condi tion of the country. Apart from that, this system will help out in industrialization to a good extend. Availability of foreign exchange is great beneficiary for commercial purpose. The new system will allow the trades as per market forces and it will definitely depreciate the current black marketing aspects in the nation. It will sharply hit the black market exchange rates. The gap between 6.3 and current black market rates may affect the plans of the government as an importer can buy it @ 6.3 bolivars while it can be sold in black market to a much higher level. In terms of gaining many fake import receipts may be emphasized. Many analysts think that approval level of 25% restricts the government to make sharper changes in the newly introduced plans, lack of political support restricted sharper adjustments. The government has taken a decision that most of its income in dollars shall be vested to buy foods, medicines and other valuable things from foreign countries and a very lesser part of the income in dollars shall be provided in the newly introduced currency market (Amodio, 2012). Economists thought that there is a free floating currency market but the government has revealed that this market shall be strictly governed by the government itself, and no entrepreneurs are going to invest in the currency market of any particular country, so the investments shall also be done by the government in a tight manner, specially to deal with the situation like recession and random inflation (Zeng, 2011). By introducing the new free floating currency market, the concern government has not set aside the three tiered rule as the investors considered this structure as the basic pillar for the economic growth of the country and they invested by taking into consideration the three tiered structure, a sudden change to the basic economic structure of the country may lead to major crisis for the economic development (Shamah, 2008). The government by introducing new economic sketch intends to ease 12 years old economic structure which has been established by let socialist leader. But in present scenario the previous structure in strict manner is not compatible to deal with a major economic crisis like recession and high speed inflation (DeRosa, 2011). Dollars is to be purchased and sold at the rate of 6.3 bolivars or 12 bolivars, in this case retailers may hold down prices for reflection of subsidies. The government revealed that a third price shall also be there which 52 bolivars is but all together this rates are going to be repealed for a better transparent system and it will depend upon the actual demand and supply. The finance minister of the country Mr. R.M Torres said that the new currency control system is totally free and this market will set the exchange rates itself, but in this segment only those bank accounts can take part, which are dollar denominated. References Amodio, E. (2012). El detestable pecado nefando.Nuevo mundo mundos nuevos. DeRosa, D. (2011).Options on foreign exchange. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Norris, J., Gaskill, A. and Bell, T. (2010).Mastering the currency market. New York: McGraw-Hill. Shamah, S. (2008).A foreign exchange primer. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Twomey, B. (2012).Inside the currency market. Hoboken, N.J.: Bloomberg Press. Zeng, S. (2011). Foreign Exchange Reserves Demand Model Based on Chinese Government Utility Maximization and Analysis of Chinese Foreign Exchange Reserves.ME, 02(03), pp.354-370.

Theatre Review Three Tall Women Essay Research free essay sample

Theatre Review Three Tall Women Essay, Research Paper Edward Albee # 8217 ; s Three Tall Women, portrays the life of a adult female ( A ) who overcomes legion adversities. The full drama is set in the adult female # 8217 ; s sleeping room and the clip is the present. The dramatis personae of merely five, two of which have no lines, execute the drama arena manner. Upon coming to see this drama, I had perfectly no cognition of the narrative line or dramatist. With the first act, I followed the narrative easy, understanding the old adult female was 92 and physically incapable of caring for herself. However, it was non her make-up or motions that finally led me to believe she was 92 old ages old. It was her first line, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m ninety-two old ages old, # 8221 ; which gave me the intimation. Her make-up made her expression old, but non that old. Her hair, being dark grey as opposed to being white, possibly contributed her younger-than-ninety-two-years-old visual aspect. We will write a custom essay sample on Theatre Review Three Tall Women Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides, her motions were converting at times, but lacked infirmity at certain points. For case, when she returned from the bathroom and Saturday on the bed, she was really able to sit herself and sit really good without any back support whereas earlier she had needed aid every bit good as a pillow for her dorsum. The other characters, B and C, were converting in their costumes and make-up. However, I didn # 8217 ; t genuinely understand their characters. I couldn # 8217 ; t state if the nurse, B, was annoyed with the old adult female or if she felt sorry for her. Character C, the attorney, didn # 8217 ; t truly hold a defined character except that she exhibited no understanding for the old adult female. Her facial looks were blank at times and her motions seemed awkward. After intermission, the drama resumed and this clip, Thursday e old adult female was seemingly dead. All three characters returned, but this clip, they portrayed three different phases of the old woman’s life: a immature miss of 26, a middle-aged adult female of 52, and a much older adult female. After being confused at times during the first act, I was wholly baffled when the 2nd act began. It candidly took me about 15 proceedingss to understand the secret plan. The costumes genuinely fooled me since they all could hold been from present clip. The immature miss looked like she had merely come from a party and I believed that she was still the character of the attorney coming to see the old adult female after hearing the intelligence of her decease. I believed the same for character B, even though she was dressed more cautiously and had some grey runs in her hair. But when the older adult female entered on phase, able to walk freely and without a broken arm, I had no thought where the narrative had gone. Another factor that didn’t assistance me in my confusion, was the first soliloquy by the immature miss. She was once more awkward in motion, particularly in her short sequenced frock. At one point, she spoke of how she stands tall while she had been slouching her shoulders the whole clip. The illuming throughout the drama gave no hints to the narrative and fundamentally turned on in the beginning and off at the terminal. There were no important alterations, I didn # 8217 ; t bask the public presentation, and I didn # 8217 ; t truly like the drama itself. The narrative didn # 8217 ; t truly associate to me in any facet. I think that an older individual might bask the narrative line better. I would urge that my grandmother or aunt see this drama, but I would besides urge that they come to this public presentation cognizing a small spot more about the drama than I did.

Will the New SAT Close the Education Gap

Will the New SAT Close the Education Gap SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Big changes are coming to the SAT this year, and the impact that they will have on students is a topic of fierce debate. Will they provide a leg up to students who are put at a disadvantage by the current test format? Or will they make disparities between the scores of high and low-income students even more pronounced? In this article, I'll go over both sides of the argument and provide my own take on how the changes to the SAT will affect the education gap. What Is the Education Gap, and How Does It Relate to the New SAT? When we talk about the â€Å"education gap," we mean that disparities in income (and race, as a related factor) continue to mirror disparities in access to educational opportunities and overall quality of education for students.Many people have argued that tests like the SAT only serve to widen this gap between poor and wealthy students.It has been proven time and again that higher parental income correlates with higher SAT scores. In making these new changes to the SAT, the College Board aims to combat this issue by creating a test that puts students on an equal playing field regardless of income. The most significant changes that will take place on the new SAT include: the elimination of Sentence Completion questions in the Reading section a shift in focus on the Math section with less geometry questions and more questions dealing with algebra, fractions, and trigonometry grammar questions in the Writing section that reference larger passages rather than individual sentences. There will also be questions on the Reading section that ask students to interpret data in charts and graphs.Overall, questions will be more directly related to real-life scenarios and less confusingly worded. Some with a more cynical view of the changes say that while this is the College Board’s public rationale behind changing the test, its real reason is business-related.Since the ACT is now more popular than the SAT, the College Board is changing the SAT to align more closely with the ACT so that it can reclaim its standardized testing market share.While the College Board says that their changes will combat the education gap by testing what students actually learn in schools and making the test less â€Å"puzzle-like†, some people think that it will either exacerbate existing problems or change nothing about the current system. In the next section, I’ll go over the arguments presented by both sides. My alternate plan for the new SAT: change tactics completely and make the test so puzzle-like that it's actually just a giant jigsaw puzzle. You only get a perfect score if you can finish the puzzle without flipping over the table in frustration because all the sky pieces look the same. Will the New SAT Close the Education Gap? There are valid arguments from each camp on this, and we won't know for sure who is correct until the new SAT has been out for a few years. I'll present both sets of ideas so you can get an idea of the logic behind each point of view. Theory 1: Yes, It Will Close the Education Gap Some people (such as spokespeople for the College Board) argue that the new SAT will remedy many problems that plagued the old testing format. Onemajor difference is that students won’t have to face Sentence Completion questions, which test obscure vocabulary words that students with from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to know. The elimination of these questions might allow underprivileged students who have a great deal of potential to score higher on the test. The new version of the SAT will focus on knowledge of the nuances in meaning of more common vocabulary words in the context of larger passages. Arguably, this is a more logical way of testing vocabulary when considering what students will need to know to be prepared for college academics and careers. The College Board is also partnering up with Khan Academy to offer free SAT prep services.They argue that this will allow low-income students to gain access to some of the same advantages that were once only available to wealthy students.They have also streamlined the process for obtaining fee waivers for low-income students. The College Board will provide four automatic college application fee waivers for students who were eligible for fee waivers on the test. The new test will also incorporate questions that are founded in real life scenarios and contain less confusing wording.The new SAT focuses on questions in context rather than in isolation (which is why reading and writing are now all passage-based).This means that students without preexisting knowledge of specific grammar rules or vocabulary words might have the potential to succeed on the test if they can infer wisely from the context of a question. This new formatting also means that there are less learnable â€Å"tricks† on the test that could trip up students who don’t have the opportunity to use test prep services. Students who aren’t familiar with the format of SAT questions will be put at less of a disadvantage.The more predictable content on the new test in the form of specifically outlined passage subject matter will give students a better idea of what to expect even if they haven’t been able to prepare extensively for the test. Yeah! No education gap! Party! Theory 2: No, It Won't Solve the Problem of the Education Gap (and Might Make It Worse) Others have argued that the new SAT will exacerbate existing problems with the test and widen the education gap.The College Board says that the new SAT will level the playing field by testing what students actually learn in schools, but this new testing format could make existing differences in high school quality all the more obvious in score results. The purpose of the SAT is to provide a common metric to measure student academic ability apart from the subjective determinations of each high school.If the new SAT tests what students have learned in school more directly, won’t that just lead to more disadvantages for low-income students who attend poorly resourced public high schools? Although questions on the new SAT will focus more on interpreting meaning in context rather than vocabulary and grammar skills in isolation, this probably won’t eliminate an advantage for wealthier students who attended better high schools.These students’ inference skills and knowledge of how to interpret arguments and words in context will be better developed through a higher quality education.Also, the fact that the new essay asks students to analyze the author’s argument rather than formulate their own opinions means that low income students might be put at more of a disadvantage if they haven’t been given proper instruction on how to read analytically in their high school classes. Even though the SAT will now offer fee waivers to all low-income students and is partnering up with Khan Academy to offer free test prep for all students, this doesn’t mean that wealthy students will lose their advantages.The fact that free test prep is being offered means that it's still possible to prepare for the test.With the new test, a market for specialized test prep services that are more individually tailored and more expensive will continue to exist. Wealthy students will still have the potential to access advanced test preparation services and potentially be able to improve their scores more drastically than students who only have access to free materials. All this could potentially lead to increased inequality in the college admissions process as a result of greater differences in scores. Low-income students may be put at an increased disadvantage on the new test due to a lower quality education overall, creating even greater class divisions in terms of access to higher education and career opportunities. I don't know what this guy is so upset about; he gets to wear a silly hat while we all sit here contemplating the flaws in the American educational system (presumably while either hatless or wearing comparatively boring and joyless hats). SMH. Conclusion Now that we’ve heard both sides, what’s the verdict?It’s hard to tell because we don’t have reliable score data on the new SAT yet. In my opinion, there are compelling arguments made by both sides of the debate.I think that the changes to the SAT will have a minimal impact on the education gap that currently exists between high and low-income students.It’s great that the College Board is committing to offering free prep services and fee waivers for low-income students, but as long as it’s possible to prep for the test, there will be a market for prep services that cost more and provide better results. It is reasonable to argue that making the test more straightforwardcould help put lower income students at less of a disadvantage, but sometimes I have to wonder if this is a case of a â€Å"race to the bottom† in the standardized testing market. The SAT is trying to compete with the ACT to offer the "fairest" testing model, but in doing so they may be compromising the test's value as an assessment of academic ability. Since it’s too hard to actually improve the quality of the educational system, companies are creating less challenging tests to make everyone feel better about these basic inequalities. Students who go to good high schools and come from wealthier backgrounds will most likely earn higher scores on the SAT regardless of how unbiased the format of the test is. It’s possible that everyone will get slightly higher scores on the new SAT, but the income gap will remain the same. Until we commit to combating the root of the problem - poorly funded high schools with overwhelmedteachers- on a large scale, I don’t see the education gap changing much,regardless of the introduction of the new SAT. What's Next? Wondering what your SAT scores might mean for your future? Check out this article that goes into detail on whether SAT scores can predict success. What do your SAT scores say about you? Find out what your SAT scores actually measure. Are you unsure of whether you should take the new SAT or the ACT this upcoming year? Read more about which students should take which test. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Nutri Natural, Herbal and Vitamin Supplements Research Paper

Nutri Natural, Herbal and Vitamin Supplements - Research Paper Example In addition, many organizations are watching the growth of this demand and competition is already building. Therefore, market positioning and efficiency in marketing company products has become more relevant. For a company such as Nutri that intends to launch their online retail sale of natural, herbal and food vitamins, it is crucial to understand the market dynamics, distribution and the nature of competition within the market to be successful. Notably, the UK food supplements market is complex, and brand positioning is a necessary effort. In the past ten years, it is evident that the demand for supplements and vitamins has grown considerably and is already at a plateau phase. Approximately, the Food and Supplements market will reach $786 million within the next five years. Therefore, there is an opportunity for investment in this industry. UK enjoys stable economic growth and the low rates of unemployment in the country points out that the public have a well-grounded purchasing power (Ritchie 2-7). If this continues in the near future, it is obvious that the food supplements market will grow in tandem with the public demand. To this end, the economic perspective of the US food supplements market favors Nutri’s intention to launch their food supplements market. The social-cultural factors appear to be the main drivers of the demand for food supplements in the UK market. The high rates of obesity and health-related diseases have triggered a sudden change in the diet behavior in the UK. UK is among some of the countries have high rates of health-related diseases in the world due to high consumption of energy-rich foods. This trend has seen many health organizations as well as the government launch public awareness programs in the world to warn the public against unhealthy feeding habits. Consequently, the public is becoming aware of the need to

Human Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Geography - Essay Example The development of a certain geographical location in relation to people living there and the distribution of economic activities in that area are also considered. Human geography as a discipline includes various factors when carrying out a study on an area. These factors include historical characteristics of the area. History of a place can determine the type of houses that people build and the general layout of the town or city. The economic activities in a particular town are determinants in the human geography of a particular place because it is basis of what human geography studies. The economics of a place dictate the income generated by people of a particular town thus influencing the human geography of the area. The population size is factor that contributes to human geo of a place because there is always a difference between a densely populated and a sparsely populated region. Politics of a place can also be a determinant because, divisive politics causes conflict, which in human geo, is characterized by destruction and chaos. Settlement pattern in a given area depicts a lot about the human geo of a place. An organized settlement is resplendent of a working class population while the reverse could be said about job less population. This paper aims to highlight the human geography of a district in Peterborough city referred to by the name of Census Tract 11. According to secondary sources, this area has a high population of people with an average mean of age 42 years. Although this is the mean age, there is relatively high population of children between the years of 5 and 10, which is evidenced by large numbers of kids seen playing in Parkhill/Water on the south. The social space of the district is characteristic of efforts by the authority to satisfy the need for more playing space. This is done to complement the existing space with mobile playpens at supermarkets and any other available and unused space. The area also has a fair amount of student popu lation that is characterized by cyber cafes and coffee shops. This shops and cafes have been installed with wireless access to the internet enabling the student population to handle their school while socializing. An ice rink is available in the area where the high schools in the area can hold their ice hockey games and recreational ice skating. The tract is mainly composed of middle class residents, which are illustrated, by the type of cars parked during the day in the driveways. The cars exhibit a relatively fair and standard of living of living with most of showing two car parking spaces. The student population and low-income earners, who live within the tract, mainly use the public transport system. Most of the houses in the tract are big houses meant to hold families comfortably. The houses look like they are mostly mortgage acquired homes because it does not look like their respective owners could have built them (Norton, 2010). According to secondary sources, I expected to s ee low-end houses where the residents are low-income earners who cannot afford the houses exhibited in other tracts in the city. The area has a couple of housing apartments that are mostly leased out to students or temporary residents. There was no sign of any semi permanent housing in the tract leave for the tents used by restaurants to extend their businesses to the pavements on the streets. There is evidence or recent development of row homes a characteristic of upsurge in real estate business in the

Art Making Process Essay Example for Free

Art Making Process Essay The teaching of artmaking process is one in which there appear to be no right answers as it is frequently related to the teachers own understanding of the material at hand. (Schon, 1996). As art making is an open ended process there are a number of difficulties posed in instruction. One option is to engage art students in the process in a highly conscious and reflective manner. This was the mode in which the author conducted a 10 week course on the subject designed after intimately observing how contemporary artists worked. The first step in teaching art is said to be informing and inspiring students with various methods of artistic practice by playing video taped interviews of artists. The understanding of the use of big ideas by artists is one of the most important facets. Exploration of the big idea provides clarity of concept and insight into the artmaking process which is understood only through reflective practice. Maintaining documentation is also important. This provided students new perspectives in art making as they indulged in reviewing the big idea with personal relevance over a period of many weeks. Identification of the correct big idea is also linked to problems faced by artists in artmaking. Problems can be overcome with proper identification of the big idea and pursuing it with an open mind without an early closure. The delay in closure occurs when the artist discuses the concept repeatedly with himself thereby providing him better insight and enhancing creativity. Thus it is the understanding of the big idea, main concepts, the base and boundaries of knowledge which enable an artist to communicate his ideas most effectively to his audience. While artmaking cannot be taught in the form of a formula of success, the instructions provided in a generalized manner provide for developing the students creativity as well as art practice as was seen in the ten week artmaking project detailed in the article. Reference: 1. Schon, D. A. (1996). In D. OReilly, (Ed. ), Learning through reflection on conversations. In conversation with Donald Schon, Capability, the HEC Journal, vol. 2 (2). Accessed on 10 December 2006 at http://www. lle. mdx. ac. uk/hec/journal/ 2-2/l-2. htm, l-10.

vehicle names :: essays research papers

What Car Names Really Mean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ACURA -Another Crummy, Useless, Rotten Automobile AMC -All Makes Combined AMC -A Major Cost AMC -A Mutated Car AMC -A Morons Car AMC -Another Major Catastrophe AUDI -Accelerates Under Demonic Influence AUDI -All Unsafe Designs Implemented AUDI -Another Ugly Duetsche Invention AUDI -Always Undermining Deutsche Intelligence AUDI -Automobile Unsafe Designs, Inc. BMW -Babbling Mechanical Wench BMW -Beastly Monstrous Wonder BMW -Beautiful Masterpieces on Wheels BMW -Beautiful Mechanical Wonder BMW -Barely Moving Wreck BMW -Big Money Waste BMW -Big Money. Why? BMW -Big Money Works BMW -Born Moderately Wealthy BMW -Breaks Most Wrenches BMW -Bring Many Wrenches BMW -Brings Me Women BMW -Brings More Women BMW -Broken Money Waster BMW -Broke My Wallet BMW -Broken Monstrous Wonder BMW -Brutal Money Waster BMW -Bumbling Mechanical Wretch BMW -Blasphemous Motorized Wreck BUICK -Big Ugly Import Car Killer BUICK -Big Ugly Imitation Chrome King BUICK -Big Ugly Indestructible Car Killer BUICK -Big Ugly Indestructible Compact Killer BUICK -Big Ugly Indestructible Car Killer CADILLAC -Crazy And Demented Idiots Like Large American Cars CADILLAC -Cars Are Driven In Long Lines And Crashed CHEVROLET -Car Has Extensive Valve Rattle, Or Loud Engine Ticks CHEVROLET -Cracked Heads, Every Valve Rattles, Oil Leaks Every Time CHEVROLET -Can Hear Every Valve Rap On Long Extended Trips CHEVROLET -Car Has Extensive Valve Rattle On Long Extended Trips CHEVROLET -Cheap, Hardly Efficient, Virtually Runs On Luck Every Time CHEVROLET -Cheap Heaps Erratically Vibrate Running On Level Even Terrain CHEVROLET -Constantly Having Every Vehicle Recalled Over Lousy Engineering Techniques CHEVROLET -Cracked Heads, Every Valve's Rotten, Oil Leaks Every Time CHEVY -Cheapest Heap Ever Visioned Yet CHEVY -Can Hear Every Valve Yell DODGE -Damn Old Dirty Gas Eater DODGE -Dead Old Dog Going East DODGE -Dead On Day Guarantee Expires DODGE -Dead On Delivery, Go Easy DODGE -Dead On Delivery, Guarantee Expired DODGE -Dead Or Dying Garbage Emitter DODGE -Drips Oil Drops Grease Everywhere DODGE -Driven Only During Grey Evenings EDSEL -Every Day Something Else Leaks FIAT -Failed In A Tunnel FIAT -Fails In Attempted Turns FIAT -Failure In Automotive Technology FIAT -Feeble Italian Attempt at Transportation FIAT -Fits In A Thimble FIAT -Fix It Again Tony FIAT -Flats In All Tires FIAT -Found In A Trench FORD -Fabricated Of Refried Dung FORD -Fails On Rainy Days FORD -Famous Odor Resistant Dog FORD -Falling Off: Rusty Door FORD -Fast Only Rolling Downhill FORD -Fantastically Orgasmic Realistic Dream FORD -Fastest On Road, Dip! FORD -Fatally Obese Redneck Driver FORD -Fault Of R&D FORD -Final Organ of Reproductive Discipline

The main aim of hazard management should be to reduce the effects of hazards, not manage their cause

Hazard management ultimately aims to reduce the risk that a hazard can bring to humans. This can be done through the four steps of modifying the cause, event, vulnerability and loss. I believe that the cause of many natural hazards, such as geophysical and meteorological hazards cannot prevented, thus the management of the cause of a hazard is irrelevant in the management of many hazards. As such, it should be the case that the main aim of hazard management should be to reduce the effects of hazards rather than manage their cause. The issue of reducing the effect of hazards would be discussed in the four parts of the hazard management framework. I agree with the statement to a large extent that hazard management should not be centered on managing the cause. The few ways in which the cause of the hazard can be modified will be discussed. Although the most ideal method would be to prevent the occurrence of the event in the first place, to stop a hazard from occurring entirely is a feat that usually would be only be feasible in terms of small scale, isolated phenomena, taking the example of a flood. Floods are examples of small scale hazards that can be prevented through technological means. Often, levees can be built to prevent a river from overflowing, such as the levees built along the Mississippi River in North America, or the Scheldt River in the Netherlands. Also, dams can be built to retain water in a lake, and can be used to control the water flow, thus preventing rivers from overflowing too quickly. A good example of a dam that has prevented repeated flooding occurrence is the Hoover Dam along the Colorado River. It is recorded that before the building of the dam, there was frequent flooding at the low lying areas of the river during spring. While physical methods can be employed to prevent the occurrence of these isolated hazards like floods and landslides, large scale hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and wind storms cannot be prevented. As such, modification of the cause is highly limited to a few hazards, thus making it more feasible to consider other approaches in reducing the effects of the majority of hazards which will almost inevitably occur. While technology cannot be used to prevent the causes of all hazards, technology can also be used to modify the event. Earthquakes is a good example of a hazard where the earthquake itself does not usually cause the loss of lives, rather, it is usually its effect on other structures that causes the most destruction, such as the toppling of buildings or causing landslides. As such, a good method of earthquake management would be to equip buildings with the ability to withstand the impact of earthquakes, using various architectural designs. A famous example of an earthquake resistant building is Taipei 101, which foundation is reinforced 80 metres deep into the ground and has a steel ball known as a tuned mass damper which balances the building. During its construction in 2002, Taipei experienced a 6. 8 magnitude earthquake, and yet the skyscraper did not topple and experienced no structural damages. Sometimes, such as in certain Japanese house designs, the houses are not built to withstand earthquakes but such that it moves along with the earthquake, using grooves rather than nails to fit the house together. Furthermore, the light wood has lower probability of killing people if it topples. These different designs show how it is possible to use knowledge of engineering and architecture to reduce the impact of hazards. Modifying vulnerability is another approach to hazard management which aims to increase preparedness of people themselves to tackle the hazard when it occur, including methods such as increasing community preparedness, planning, developing warning systems, and changing perceptions. Community preparedness is essential in all communities where hazard occurrence is frequent, to train and educate people as to how to respond to a hazard and drawing out evacuation plans, and stocking up emergency supplies of food, water and medicine. Also, people can be trained in first aid, search and rescue, and firefighting, etc. In some cases, this is much more feasible than using technology, when the cost is too high. A case study of Norway, where avalanches are frequent, is a good example. Due to the fact that neither relocation nor retrofitting buildings was a feasible option, the most cost effective plan would be to decrease vulnerability. This was done mainly through setting up a warning system, and coming up with a plan to organize an evacuation, by appointing a group of representatives from each community and training the people on how to react. The plan was highly successful, showing the merit in proper planning and preparedness. In many ways the perception and awareness of the community to hazards is very important. Changing the perception of people is also essential in reducing the impacts of hazards, for negative perception by a group of people can ultimately lead many deaths, in cases where communities, especially in LEDCs, are resigned to the fact that nothing can be done to prevent hazard occurrence and that hazards are unavoidable and look upon them as a way of life. Even in MEDCs, perceptions can cause problems. There is a case where, during the evacuation for Hurricane Katrina, some of the elderly did not want evacuate, because of fear of new living conditions, or that they do not want to leave their home. This contributed to the majority of the deaths being the elderly in these events. Thus, changing the perceptions of various peoples in different cultural contexts plays a large role in hazard management, ensuring that the community would want to save themselves in the first place. In all, modifying vulnerability can ultimately lead to people knowing how to react to hazards and thus reduces the negative effects of them. In many cases, managing the cause of natural hazards may bring certain disadvantages, for most natural hazards, while posing a threat to humans, are actually only natural phenomenon, and at times have benefits to us and the environment. A very good example is the case of a flood, where people have tried to create physical barriers to contain the flood water such as levees and dams. While this may be applicable to MEDCs, for many agricultural communities, such an approach is inapplicable, for they depend on the floodplain where there is a high amount of nutrients, deposited by flooding, and supply of water. In these contexts, such as in Bangladesh, where the people depend on these floods, the prevention of the â€Å"hazard† would uproot their way of life. In this way, floods need not always be treated as negative phenomena, causing damage in only certain contexts. In my opinion, modifying the vulnerability, not the cause should be the main aim of hazard management. This holds since there are two factors contributing to risk: hazard and vulnerability. Since eliminating the hazard is totally unfeasible in many large-scale hazards, the best thing to manage should be human vulnerability. Since the main aim should be centered on that can be applicable to all communities, it should be something feasible in contexts where there is lack of economic and technological resources, thus ruling out modifying the event as a potential main aim. As such, hazard management should not be centered on technology, such as the retrofitting of buildings, but rather something like education, which is more cost effective. In all, the main aim should be to increase the resilience of the people themselves to tackle the hazard. For example, in the case of Bangladesh, people adapt to the floods and learn to use it to their own benefit, neither seeing it as a negative phenomenon, nor something they should fear. After changing any negative perceptions of hazards in communities, community preparedness is essential. A bottom up approach equips people with the ability to save their own lives rather than being dependant on others. In fact, it has been shown that this approach works much better than international aid or rescuers from the military. For example, the rescue efforts to the floods in Mozambique in 2001 was a success, not because of anything else, but more of the fact that the people were trained in how to respond, and that there was a clearly drawn out evacuation plan and appointed leaders in the community. Mozambique, though being one of the poorest countries in the world, has managed to increase community preparedness, thus showing how this approach to hazard management, may just be the most universal method of tackling hazards, which works regardless of affluence. In conclusion, it is true that hazard management should be primarily about reacting to the hazards and reducing the damage it brings, rather than trying to prevent it. Still, as technology continues to develop, we cannot eliminate it as an essential part of hazard management, for what may not be possible to prevent now, may be in the future. So, both sides of the equation must be considered to tackle risk effectively, depending on the context.

What Are the Romance Languages

The word romance connotes love and wooing, but when it has a capital R, as in Romance languages, it probably refers to a set of languages based on Latin, the language of the ancient Romans. Latin was the language of the Roman Empire, but the classical Latin that was written by literati like Cicero was not the language of daily life. It was certainly not the language soldiers and traders took with them to the edges of Empire, like Dacia (modern Romania), on the northern and eastern frontier. What Was Vulgar Latin? Romans spoke and wrote graffiti in a less polished language than they used in their literature. Even Cicero wrote plainly in personal correspondence. The simplified Latin language of the common (Roman) people is called Vulgar Latin because Vulgar is an adjectival form of the Latin for the crowd. This makes Vulgar Latin the peoples language. It was this language that the soldiers took with them and that interacted with native languages and the language of later invaders, particularly the Moors and Germanic invasions, to produce the Romance languages throughout the area that had once been the Roman Empire. Fabulare Romanice By the 6th century, to speak in the Latin-derived language was to fabulare romanice, according to Milton Mariano Azevedo (from the Spanish and Portuguese Department at the University of California at Berkeley). Romanice was an adverb suggesting in the Roman manner that was shortened to romance; whence, Romance languages. Simplifications of Latin Some of the general changes to Latin were the loss of terminal consonants, diphthongs tended to be reduced to simple vowels, the distinctions between long and short versions of the same vowels were losing significance, and, together with the decline in terminal consonants that provided case endings, led to a loss of inflection. The Romance languages, therefore, needed another way to show the roles of words in sentences, so the relaxed word order of Latin was replaced with a fairly fixed order. Romanian: One of the changes to Vulgar Latin made in Romania was that an unstressed o became u, so you may see Rumania (the country) and Rumanian (the language), instead of Romania and Romanian. (Moldova-)Romania is the only country in the Eastern European area that speaks a Romance language. At the time of the Romans, the Dacians may have spoken a Thracian language. The Romans fought the Dacians during the reigns of Trajan who defeated their king, Decebalus. Men from the Roman Province of Dacia became Roman soldiers who learned the language of their commanders⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€Latin⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€and brought it home with them when they settled in Dacia upon retirement. Missionaries also brought Latin to Romania. Later influences on Romanian came from Slavic immigrants.Italian: Italian emerged from further simplification of Vulgar Latin in the Italic peninsula. The language is also spoken in San Marino as the official language, and in Switzerland, as one of the official languages. In the 12th to 13th century, the vernacular spoken in Tuscany (formerly the area of the Etruscans) became the standard written language, now known as Italian. A spoken language based on the written version became standard in Italy in the 19th century.Portuguese: The language of the Romans practically wiped out the earlier language of the Iberian peninsula when the Romans conquered the area in the third century B.C.E. Latin was a prestige language, so it was in the interest of the population of the Roman province of Lusitania to learn it. Over time the language spoken on the west coast of the peninsula came to be Galician-Portuguese, but when Galicia became part of Spain, the two language groups split.Galician: The area of Galicia was inhabited by Celts when the Romans conquered the area and made it a Roman province also known as Gallaecia, so the native Celtic language mixed with Vulgar Latin from the second century B.C.E. Germanic invaders also had an impact on the language.Spanish (Casti lian): The Vulgar Latin in Spain from the third century B.C.E. was simplified in various ways, including the reduction of cases to just the subject and object. In 711, Arabic came to Spain, whose latin term was Hispania, via the Moors. As a result, there are Arabic borrowings in the modern language. Castilian Spanish comes from the ninth century when Basques influenced the speech. Steps towards its standardization took place in the 13th century, and it became the official language in the 15th century. An archaic form called Ladino was preserved among Jewish populations forced to leave in the 15th century.Catalan: Catalan is spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, Andorra, the Balearic Isles, and other small regions. The area of Catalonia, known approximately as Hispania Citerior, spoke Vulgar Latin but was influenced heavily by the southern Gauls in the eighth century,  becoming a distinct language by the 10th century.French: French is spoken in France, Switzerland, and Belgium, in Europe. The Romans in the Gallic Wars, under Julius Caesar, brought Latin to Gaul in the first century B.C.E. At the time they were speaking a Celtic language known as Gaulish the Roman Province, Gallia Transalpina. Germanic Franks invaded in the early fifth century C.E. By the time of Charlemagne (742 to 814 C.E.), the language of the French was already sufficiently removed from Vulgar Latin to be called Old French. Todays Romance Languages and Locations Linguists may prefer a list of the Romance languages with more detail and more thoroughness. This comprehensive list gathers the the names, geographic divisions, and national locations of major divisions of some modern Romance languages around the world. Certain romance languages are dead or dying. Eastern Aromanian (Greece)Romanian (Romania)Romanian, Istro (Croatia)Romanian, Megleno (Greece) Italo-Western Italo-DalmatianIstriot (Croatia)Italian (Italy)Judeo-Italian (Italy)Napoletano-Calabrese (Italy)Sicilian (Italy)WesternGallo-IberianGallo-RomanceGallo-ItalianEmiliano-Romagnolo (Italy)Ligurian (Italy)Lombard (Italy)Piemontese (Italy)Venetian (Italy)Gallo-RhaetianOilFrenchSoutheasternFrance-ProvencalRhaetianFriulian (Italy)Ladin (Italy)Romansch (Switzerland)Ibero-RomanceEast IberianCatalan-Valencian Balear (Spain)OcOccitan (France)Shuadit (France)West IberianAustro-LeoneseAsturian (Spain)Mirandese (Portugal)CastilianExtremaduran (Spain)Ladino (Israel)SpanishPortuguese-GalicianFala (Spain)Galician (Spain)PortuguesePyrenean-MozarabicPyrenean Southern CorsicanCorsican (France)SardinianSardinian, Campidanese (Italy)Sardinian, Gallurese (Italy)Sardinian, Logudorese (Italy)Sardinian, Sassarese (Italy) Resources and Further Reading Azevedo, Milton M. Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University, 2005.Lewis, M. Paul, editor. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 16th ed., SIL International, 2009.Ostler, Nicholas. Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin. HarperCollins, 2007.